Estimation of hop period and frequency hopping based on maximum entropy binarization of time-frequency maps and DL-YOLOv5s

HU Zhuyan; WANG Shoubin; LIU Shunlan; SHEN Lei

doi:10.11959/j.issn.1000-0801.2025114

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Estimation of hop period and frequency hopping based on maximum entropy binarization of time-frequency maps and DL-YOLOv5s

Research and Development | 更新时间：2025-09-04

- Estimation of hop period and frequency hopping based on maximum entropy binarization of time-frequency maps and DL-YOLOv5s
- Telecommunications Science Vol. 41, Issue 8, Pages: 115-126(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.杭州电子科技大学电子信息学院，浙江杭州 310018
  2.中国电子科技集团公司第三十六研究所，浙江嘉兴 314033
  3.杭州电子科技大学通信工程学院，浙江杭州 310018
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.11959/j.issn.1000-0801.2025114
  CLC： TN911.73
- Received：16 December 2024，
  
  Revised：2025-03-27，
  
  Published：20 August 2025
- 稿件说明：
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胡竹艳,王首斌,刘顺兰等.基于最大熵二值化时频图和DL-YOLOv5s的跳周期估计和跳频频率估计[J].电信科学,2025,41(08):115-126.

HU Zhuyan,WANG Shoubin,LIU Shunlan,et al.Estimation of hop period and frequency hopping based on maximum entropy binarization of time-frequency maps and DL-YOLOv5s[J].Telecommunications Science,2025,41(08):115-126.
胡竹艳,王首斌,刘顺兰等.基于最大熵二值化时频图和DL-YOLOv5s的跳周期估计和跳频频率估计[J].电信科学,2025,41(08):115-126. DOI： 10.11959/j.issn.1000-0801.2025114.

HU Zhuyan,WANG Shoubin,LIU Shunlan,et al.Estimation of hop period and frequency hopping based on maximum entropy binarization of time-frequency maps and DL-YOLOv5s[J].Telecommunications Science,2025,41(08):115-126. DOI： 10.11959/j.issn.1000-0801.2025114.

摘要

针对低信噪比（signal-to-noise ratio，SNR）下跳周期估计和跳频频率估计误差较大的情况，提出了一种基于最大熵二值化时频图以及检测和定位（detection and localization，DL）-YOLOv5s的跳周期估计和跳频频率估计方法。首先，利用最大熵阈值分割方法结合形态学滤波对时频图进行处理，获得清晰的最大熵二值化时频图，再通过提出的DL-YOLOv5s模型对最大熵二值化时频图中的跳频信号进行检测和定位，通过增加ASPP模块和BiFPN模块，提高跳频信号的边缘和角点检测精度，并通过BOT3模块引入多头自注意力机制，提高跳频信号的定位精度，最后得到跳频信号的坐标位置，通过坐标的对照关系完成跳周期估计和跳频频率估计。实验结果表明，相较于YOLOv5s模型，提出的DL-YOLOv5s模型精确率

提高了5%，召回率

提高了2.2%，平均精度mAP 0.5和mAP 0.5:0.9分别提高了5.1%和4.2%，相较于YOLOv7、YOLOv8等其他模型，提出的DL-YOLOv5s模型体积更小，更适用于跳频信号参数估计常用的嵌入式设备这类资源受限的环境，且相较于传统跳频信号参数估计方法，提出的方法可以有效降低低信噪比下跳周期估计和跳频频率估计的误差。

Abstract

In response to the significant estimation errors in hop period and hop frequency under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions

a method for hop period and hop frequency estimation based on maximum entropy binarization of time-frequency maps and a detection and localization (DL)-YOLOv5s model was proposed. Firstly

the maximum entropy thresholding method combined with morphological filtering was utilized to process the time-frequency map

resulting in a clear maximum entropy binarized time-frequency map. Then

the proposed DL-YOLOv5s model was appllied to detect and localize the hop frequency signals within the maximum entropy binarized time-frequency map. By incorporating the ASPP module and BiFPN module

the precision of edge and corner detection for hop frequency signals was enhanced. Additionally

a multi-head self-attention mechanism was introduced to improve the localization accuracy of hop frequency signals by the BOT3 module. Ultimately

the coordinates of the hop frequency signals were obtained

and through the correlation of these coordinates

the estimation of hop period and frequency was completed. The experimental results show that compared to the YOLOv5s model

the proposed DL-YOLOv5s model improves precision (

) by 5%

recall (

) by 2.2%

and the mean average precision (mAP) at 0.5 and

mAP at 0.5:0.9 by 5.1% and 4.2% respectively. In comparison to other models such as YOLOv7 and YOLOv8

the proposed DL-YOLOv5s model is smaller in size

making it more suitable for resource-constrained environments like embedded devices commonly used for frequency-hopping signal parameter estimation. Additionally

compared to traditional methods for frequency-hopping signal parameter estimation

the proposed method effectively reduces the estimation errors of hopping period and hopping frequency under low signal-to-noise ratio conditions.

关键词

Keywords

references

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